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[FN124]. China, France Sign Agreement on Extradition, Xinhua News Agency, Mar. 21, 2007, english/2007-03/21/content_ 5874162.htm.
[FN125]. France Backs Extradition to China, BBC News, Mar. 20, 2007, 2/hi/europe/6472679.stm.
[FN126]. According to the article, Chinese diplomatic sources believed that “[t]he treaty provides a legal foundation for China-France cooperation in the fight against crime.” French Justice Minister Pascal Clement said the agreement was of great importance, “particularly for bilateral relations,” and that the agreement would “strengthen and deepen our judicial cooperation further.” China, France Sign Agreement on Extradition, supra note 124.
[FN127]. See Chirac Seeks China Business Ties, BBC News, Oct. 25, 2006, 2/hi/asia-pacific/6083408.stm; France Backs Extradition to China, supra note 125.
[FN128]. France Signs Extradition Treaty with China, supra note 18 (referencing “continuing reports of serious violations in China, including the use of the death penalty and abusive forms of arbitrary detention, torture and cruel, inhumane and degrading treatments”).
[FN129]. Id.
[FN130]. Martin Arnold, Royal Criticises French Extradition Treaty with China, Fin. Times, Jan. 9, 2007, at 5.
[FN131]. France Signs Extradition Treaty with China, supra note 18.
[FN132]. Kim Willsher, Don’t Mention Human Rights, French Told, Sunday Telegraph (London), Jan. 7, 2007, at 31.
[FN133]. Press Release, Portal do Governo, PM Wants to Showcase “A Modern Portugal” (Jan. 31, 2007), noticias_noticia_ 44.asp.
[FN134]. See Adams, supra note 18; Press Release, Philip Ruddock, supra note 17.
[FN135]. Lague, supra note 11; Liu Li, supra note 20; Zhang Zhiping, supra note 20.
[FN136]. Zhang Zhiping, supra note 20.
[FN137]. Id.; see also China Hunts Corrupt Officials Who Abscond Overseas, People’s Daily, Mar. 24, 2004, available at 200403/24/eng20040324_138361.shtml (providing Wang’s university affiliation).
[FN138]. Zhang Zhiping, supra note 20.
[FN139]. Id. (describing Chen Zhonglin’s, Xie Wangyuan’s, and Liu Tingji’s stances against abolition).
[FN140]. Jeremy T. Monthy, Comment, Internal Perspectives on Chinese Human Rights Reform: The Death Penalty in the PRC, 33 Tex. Int’l L.J. 189, 208 (1998).
[FN141]. Lu Jianping & Guo Jian, Death Penalty in People’s Republic of China: Quo Vadis?, 2006 Electronic Rev. Int’l Ass’n Penal L. A4, at 1-2, pdf/ReAIDP2006/DeathpenaltyChinaLU.pdf.
[FN142]. Lague, supra note 11.
[FN143]. Id.
[FN144]. Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, Can.-P.R.C., July 29, 1994, 33 Can. Y.B. Int’l L. 411 (1995). The mutual legal assistance treaty provides for cooperation in gathering and exchanging information to enforce criminal laws.
[FN145]. See Comment, Canadian Court Doesn’t Buy into Lai’s Lies, China Daily, Feb. 9, 2004, available at english/doc/2004-02/09/content_304375.htm; Maggie Farley, Alleged Boss of China Smuggling Ring Presents Canada with a Conundrum Law, L.A. Times, Dec. 6, 2000, at A6; Yang, supra note 21, at 4.
[FN146]. Extradition Act, 1999 S.C. ch. 18, § 10(1) (Can.) (“The Minister of Foreign Affairs may, with the agreement of the Minister, enter into a specific agreement with a State or entity for the purpose of giving effect to a request for extradition in a particular case.”); Extradition Law, supra note 24, art. 15, (“Where there is no extradition treaty to go by, the Requesting State shall make a reciprocity assurance.”).
[FN147]. See supra note 28 and accompanying text.
[FN148]. .See York, supra note 22. Li Juqian, associate professor at the China University of Political Science and Law, said that when there is no treaty, “‘only diplomatic means can be counted on. If ties between the two countries are not close enough, the procedure can drag out.”’ Ding Zhitao, supra note 88.
[FN149]. James Brooke, Canada’s Haven: For Notorious Fugitives, Too?, N.Y. Times, Dec. 29, 2000, at A14.
[FN150]. See Douglas Stewart, The Brutal Seas: Organized Crime at Work 246-47 (2006); Brooke, supra note 149; Farley, supra note 145. Except for the case of Yang, prior to 2007 China and Canada had never reached an agreement to extradite a suspected economic criminal. See Will Gao Shan Be the First Chinese Fugitive Extradited by Canada?, Chinese in Vancouver Blog, (Feb. 28, 2007), 2007/02/will-gao-shan-be-first-chinese.html (referencing statement of David Matas, lawyer of Lai Changxing, in a recent hearing).
[FN151]. Stewart, supra note 150; Brooke, supra note 149 [James Brooke, Canada's Haven: For Notorious Fugitives, Too?, N.Y. Times, Dec. 29, 2000, at A14.]; Farley, supra note 145.
[FN152]. Farley, supra note 145.
[FN153]. Id.
[FN154]. Doug Struck, Canada’s Extradition Laws Help Make Vancouver a Grifter’s Haven, Wash. Post, Mar. 22, 2007, at A15.
[FN155]. Stewart, supra note 150 (“Lai’s fears that he will face the death penalty are justified.”).
[FN156]. Brooke, supra note 149.
[FN157]. See Koren L. Bell, Note, From Laggard to Leader: Canadian Lessons on a Role for U.S. States in Making and Implementing Human Rights Treaties, 5 Yale Hum. Rts. & Dev. L.J. 255 (2002).
[FN158]. See Joanna Harrington, The Role for Human Rights Obligations in Canadian Extradition Law, 43 Can. Y.B. Int’l L. 45, 52 (2005).
[FN159]. See Paul Michell, Domestic Rights and International Responsibilities: Extradition Under the Canadian Charter, 23 Yale J. Int’l L. 141, 176-81 (1998).
[FN160]. Seventy-two percent of Canadians believe that promoting human rights in Asia should be a priority for the Canadian government. Paul Evans, Chairman of the Exec. Comm., Asia Pac. Found. of Can., Human Rights and Canada-China Relations, Presentation to the Subcommittee on International Human Rights of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, House of Commons 2 (Feb. 20, 2007), analysis/pubs/speeches/Paul_Evans_20feb07.pdf.
[FN161]. See Brooke, supra note 149; Satish G., Canada’s Tourism Industry Continues to Suffer Due to Diplomatic Rift with China, eTN Asia, cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000094/009426-p.htm (last visited Nov. 7, 2007); Struck, supra note 154 (“Lai’s continued presence has been uncomfortable for the Canadian government, which wants improved trading relations with China.”).
[FN162]. Evans, supra note 160, at 1.
[FN163]. Rod Mickleburgh, Risk of Torture Has Ottawa Reconsidering Move to Deport Chinese Fugitive, Globe & Mail (Toronto), Sept. 19, 2007, at A10 (“Mr. Lai’s status is an irritant at the highest level of Canada-China relations ….”).
[FN164]. Lague, supra note 9. Some have suggested that the Canadian government’s desire to extradite Lai is related to the goal of improving trade relations with China. See Struck, supra note 154.
[FN165]. Zhang Liuhao, Court Hears Last Appeal for Fugitive Lai, China Daily, May 31, 2006, available at china/2006-05/31/content_604460.htm.
[FN166]. China Pledges No Death to Get Back Fugitive Lai, China Daily, Mar. 14, 2007, available at china/2007-03/14/content_ 827211.htm.
[FN167]. Sing v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration [2007] F.C. 361 (Can.). The opinion held that an analysis of reliability of the assurance must encompass the question of whether it is “appropriate to rely on diplomatic assurances at all from the Government of China.” Id.
[FN168]. Fugitive Billionaire from China Tired After Ongoing Extradition Battle, CBC News, Sept. 18, 2007, canada/british-columbia/story/2007/09/18/bc-lai.html.
[FN169]. York, supra note 22, at A22 (“The existence of [five] other criminal suspects on the list is the latest development in a growing controversy over whether Canada is sheltering Chinese fugitives.”).
[FN170]. Vivian Wai-yin Kwok, China May Cry ‘Woe, Canada’ in Embezzlement Case, Forbes.com, Feb. 22, 2007, facesinthenews/2007/02/22/canada-china-embezzle-facecx_vk_ 0222autofacescan3.html.
[FN171]. Canadian in China Sentenced to Life in Prison: Report, CBC News, Apr. 19, 2007, canada/toronto/story/2007/04/19/celil-sentence.html; Harper Warns China as Rights Dispute Threatens to Expand, Taipei Times, Feb. 11, 2007, available at News/front/archives/2007/02/11/2003348505.
[FN172]. Canada, Haven for China’s Escaped Grafters, No Schedule for Extradition of Lai Changxing, People’s Daily, Sept. 15, 2004, available at 200409/15/eng20040915_157148.html; Doug Struck, Fugitive from Other Places Go to Canada to Escape the Heat, Wash. Post, Oct. 29, 2005, at A14; Struck, supra note 154.
[FN173]. See Deborah Jones, Canada Deportation to China of Alleged Kingpin Stalled by Court, AFP, Apr. 5, 2007, available at p/articles/mi_kmafp/is_200704/ai_n18793594.
[FN174]. President of the United States, supra note 26, at iii.
[FN175]. U.S. Dep’t of State, supra note 12.
[FN176]. Creekman, supra note 26, at 658; Rapoport, supra note 26, at 150.
[FN177]. David S. Cloud, FBI Aims to Build Goodwill with Chinese by Cooperating on Cases, Wall St. J., Sept. 4, 2001, at A24.
[FN178]. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, supra note 27, § 9-15.700.
[FN179]. 18 U.S.C. § 3181(b) (2006); see also U.S. Dep’t of Justice, supra note 27, § 9-15.100 (containing information about the amendment).
[FN180]. Rapoport, supra note 26, at 164.
[FN181]. See, e.g., Human Rights Watch, In the Name of Counter-Terrorism: Human Rights Abuses Worldwide (2003), available at un/chr59/counter-terrorism-bck4.htm (stating that the United States is holding as many as thirty Uighur nationals at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba and has refused all Chinese requests for extradition); Sect Leader’s Arrest Warrant Rejected, BBC News, July 30, 1999, 1/hi/world/asia-pacific/407599.stm (describing U.S. dismissal of China’s request for the arrest and extradition of Li Hongzhi, the leader of the Falun Gong religious movement).
[FN182]. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, supra note 27, § 9-15.610; U.S. Dep’t of State, Report on International Extradition (2001), available at documents/organization/6545.doc (“[N]on U.S.-nationals located in the United States and sought by other countries might in some circumstances be removable from U.S. territory under our immigration laws.”).
[FN183]. Nat’l Sec. Council, International Crime Control Strategy 41-42 (1998), available at media/pdf/iccs.pdf.
[FN184]. McNabb Assocs., supra note 38 (“There have been a number of instances in which individuals have been sent from China to the United States to face charges, or vice versa.”).
[FN185]. Cloud, supra note 177.
[FN186]. Mark L. Clifford & Petti Fong, The Bank of China’s Black Hole, Bus. Week, Feb. 4, 2002, available at magazine/content/02_05/b3768065.htm; see also Cloud, supra note 177.
[FN187]. Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, supra note 30.
[FN188]. Press Release, Embassy of the U.S. in the P.R.C., Chinese National Sentenced on Racketeering Charges Returned to China (April 20, 2004), press/release/2004/042004yzd.html.
[FN189]. Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, supra note 30.