Volume Fsearch23 Poeticsofspace .aIsearchdsearche Anthurium , Miami i Http Library t Miami rSexInSex%20%21Board%20%D1%C7%D6%DE%D4%AD%B4%B4 searchosearchtasasearchchsearchse Volume rchsearch Edu ibrsearchry Miami h Issue Asia%20Authorship%20Seed%20%C5%B7%C3%C0%CE%DE%C2%EB%C7%F8hsearcht Edu rsearchc Miami o Library search� Edu s Mahabir ccs� Scholar � Mahabir an a� Edu psearchosearchrs�search Szh nsearchr Mahabir s Scholar o Poeticsofspace ssearch tsearch searchheUsearchSsearch searchp Issue r Library a Edu hsearch Quickwpthemes h Edu h Miami ns Edu hasearche Mahabir ac Scholar us%D1%C7%D6%DE%CE%DE%C2%EB%B3%B1%B4%B5%B7%C5%C4%F2%D1%B8%C0%D7%CF%C2%D4%D8d searchasearchasearcha f Anthurium acisearchgaa Mahabir asearch�search�ha Quickwpthemes ensearchfsearchrCsearchi Poeticsofspace a# Library 2 Szh 7 Quickwpthemes sessearchaesearch g Poeticsofspace a Volume tsearchr Issue , Anthurium � Volume Library a1a Scholar a Scholar Ha Miami e Issue Quickwpthemes orCi Miami a Mahabir # Library 21 Mahabir ; Poeticsofspace Anthurium ssearchapsearchd Library Grafsearchesearchs,2N Mahabir Sch Poeticsofspace dsearchl Poeticsofspace Poeticsofspace o Quickwpthemes Etrditsearchon Volume of Http Lai Changxing, supra note 172, and “a haven for some of the most wanted fugitives in the world,” Struck, supra note 154.

[FN214]. See supra Section II.B.

[FN215]. See infra Section V.A.

[FN216]. The advantages of flexibility in extradition negotiations are apparent when considering the analogous U.S. practice of threatening to sponsor an anti-China resolution at the U.N. Human Rights Committee. In the past, China has won the United States’s forbearance in exchange for acceding to various demands. Official visits to China by high-level U.S. dignitaries–as well as state visits to Washington by Chinese officials–have also been held out as carrots. See Elizabeth Olson, U.N. Human Rights Panel Faults Russia and Others, but Not China, N.Y. Times, Apr. 30, 2000, at A12. Like the case-by-case approach to extradition, these practices enable the United States to pursue different human rights goals at different times and to choose whether to cooperate at one point without binding itself in the future.

[FN217]. Fu Hualing, supra note 5.

[FN218]. Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pac., Mutual Legal Assistance, Extradition, and Recovery of Proceeds of Corruption in Asia and the Pacific 18 (2007).

[FN219]. As mentioned, the United States has been criticized for soliciting “diplomatic assurances” of humane treatment in the context of extraordinary renditions from developing countries. Many human rights organizations allege that these promises have been broken. See David Weissbrodt & Amy Bergquist, Extraordinary Rendition and the Torture Convention, 46 Va. J. Int’l L. 585, 590, 611-25 (2006); see also supra note 201 and accompanying text. Despite these critiques, no one has suggested that the controversy over extraordinary renditions has influenced the willingness of the United States to accept diplomatic assurances from China.

[FN220]. See supra Section II.C.

[FN221]. Human Rights Watch, supra note 79.

[FN222]. See supra note 150 and accompanying text.

[FN223]. Fu Hualing, supra note 5.

[FN224]. Andreas F. Lowenfeld, U.S. Law Enforcement Abroad: The Constitution and International Law, Continued, 84 Am. J. Int’l L. 444, 474 (1990).

[FN225]. Dugard & Van den Wyngaert, supra note 10, at 189.

[FN226]. See supra Section III.A.

[FN227]. See infra Section V.B.

[FN228]. See supra notes 136-143 and accompanying text.

[FN229]. Errol P. Mendes, Introduction to Bridging the Global Divide on Human Rights: A Canada-China Dialogue 10 (Errol P. Mendes & Anik Lalonde-Roussy eds., 2003).

[FN230]. For example, in 1994 the United States abandoned linking China’s overall human rights situation to its most-favored nation status. Vladimir N. Pregelj, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Most-Favored-Nation Status of the People’s Republic of China 5 (2001), available at au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl30225.pdf.

[FN231]. See U.N. Office of Drugs and Crime, Report: Informal Expert Working Group on Effective Extradition Casework Practice 7, 8 (2004), available at pdf/ewg_report_extraditions_2004.pdf.

[FN232]. This proposal for the United States to maintain the case-by-case approach is consistent with a broader strategy of “constructive engagement” with China (as opposed to strategies that favor an isolationist avoidance of political dialogue or strategies that advocate for more confrontational policies). Mainstream U.S. policymakers have adopted such a strategy for engagement with China. See, e.g., Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of State, United States Urges China to Be Responsible World Citizen (Sept. 22, 2005), eap/Archive/2005/Sep/22-290478.html (containing former Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick’s conception of a “responsible stakeholder” strategy for dealing with China).

[FN233]. Treaties typically require requesting states to furnish documentation demonstrating the identity and precise physical appearance of the requested individual, including fingerprints and photographs if possible; probable location of the person sought; the facts of the offense and the procedural history of the case; the text of the laws describing the essential elements of, and the applicable punishment for, the offense; proof that neither prosecution nor the penalty are barred by lapse of time; a copy of the warrant or order of arrest issued by an authority; a copy of the charging document; all evidence that would be sufficient to justify the committal for trial of the person if the offense had been committed in the requested state, etc. See, e.g., Extradition Treaty, U.S.-Arg., art. 8, June 10, 1997, S. Treaty Doc. No. 105-18, 2159 U.N.T.S. 129.

[FN234]. .18 U.S.C. § 3190 (2006).

[FN235]. See, e.g., The Commonwealth, The London Scheme for Extradition Within the Commonwealth (2002), Internal/38061/documents/ (under subheading “Schemes,” click “London Scheme for Extradition Within the Commonwealth”).

[FN236]. See supra note 233 and accompanying text.

[FN237]. Rose, supra note 15, at 208.

[FN238]. H.R. 952, 109th Cong. § 3(d) (2005).

[FN239]. See Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 210-19 (1961).

[FN240]. Khouzam v. Hogan, 497 F. Supp. 2d 615 (M.D. Pa. 2007).

[FN241]. Id. at 624.

[FN242]. Id.

[FN243]. Id. at 625-26. In his memorandum opinion, Judge Vanaskie cited the importance of the individual interests at stake and the fact that courts routinely “assess the adequacy of process provided and the Executive branch’s adherence to normative standards” in support of his ruling. Id. at 625.

[FN244]. These safeguards are necessary because human rights organizations have shown that monitoring is not always effective to prevent torture. See Amnesty Int’l, Human Rights Watch & Int’l Comm’n of Jurists, Reject Rather than Regulate 8-11 (2005), available at backgrounder/eca/eu1205/eu1205.pdf.

[FN245]. China’s Most-Wanted Man Granted Another Reprieve in Canada, Int’l Herald Trib., Apr. 5, 2007, articles/ap/2007/04/05/america/NA-GEN-Canada-Chinese-Fugitive.php.

[FN246]. See, e.g., The Cauldron Boils; Protests in China, Economist, Oct. 1, 2005, at 38.

[FN247]. Minxin Pei, supra note 103; Press Release, Consulate-General of the P.R.C. in N.Y., Anti-Corruption Storm Rages Through China, available at eng/xw/t274156.htm (last visited Nov. 7, 2007) (“The new corruption fight has won the support of the Chinese public ….”).

[FN248]. See Dingding Chen, Explaining China’s Changing Discourse on Human Rights, 1978-2004, 29 Asian Persp. 155 (2005).

[FN249]. Press Release, The White House, Fact Sheet: Achievements of U.S.-China Summit (June 27, 1998), available at news/china/1998/prcfact1.htm.

[FN250]. See Am. Bar Ass’n, Summary of the Expert Papers Presented at the APEC Workshop Concerning the Denial of Safe Haven, Asset Recovery and Extradition Together with the Resulting Recommendations of the Discussion Group (2006), available at rol/publications/asia_raca_ summary_expert_papers.pdf.

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